So far, England has only had one King John, and he was a bad ‘un. However many times some historian suggests that this much-maligned monarch has been misrepresented, misunderstood, or was at least no worse than any other medieval king, another historian shouts out that John was as bad as they got. In fact, by most accounts, King John appears to have been untrustworthy, shockingly cruel, a depraved sexual predator of the lowest sort and, most unforgivable of all, incompetent. The authenticity of the real King John has of course been camouflaged for most of us by seemingly endless stage and screen representations as a kind of pantomime villain, often pitted against a heroic Robin Hood – who, ironically, is a mere legend.
There has been a castle, or fortification of some sort, at Newark-on-Trent for at least 900 years. The site itself has been in use from prehistoric times, through the Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon periods; a Saxon cemetery situated near the medieval gatehouse was in use up to c1070. Notwithstanding this long history, and all the people whose lives have been bound up with it, Newark Castle is best-known, almost defined by, just two events; and the first of these is the death there of King John in 1216, probably on 19th October. John had been on campaign immediately before his death, his kingdom torn apart by war with two enemy armies opposing him on English soil. The first of these was the army of the French Prince Louis, later King Louis VIII of France, in alliance with rebel English barons who had invited the French invasion. And, from the north, a Scottish army led by its king, Alexander II, was marching south to pay homage to Louis. John was taken ill at King’s Lynn (in those days just plain ‘Lynn’) and had lost a great deal of his baggage, including his crown jewels, in the tidal channels and mudflats of the Wash on his way to Newark. The satirical schoolboy history, 1066 And All That (Sellar and Yeatman) says:
“John finally demonstrated his utter incompetence by losing the Crown and all his clothes in the wash and then dying of a surfeit of peaches and no cider; thus his awful reign came to an end.”
Of course, we have John to thank for Magna Carta, which 1066 And All That suggests was “the chief cause of Democracy in England.” Less amusingly, a contemporary rhyme went:
“With John’s foul deeds England’s whole realm is stinking,
As Hell is, too, where he is now sinking.”
The suggestion that John’s death was caused by the sin of gluttony was good propaganda that added to his unsavoury reputation; other sources suggest he was poisoned, emphasising his reputation for being hated. The poor lad couldn’t win. Modern historians believe he actually died of dysentery, and tradition is that he expired in the great gatehouse of the Castle at Newark-on-Trent. There is no public access to the upper room where this is supposed to have happened and, in its ruinous, green-mildewed, state, the place where one of England’s most reviled kings gasped his last exhausted breaths looks as bleak and forlorn as a death chamber can be. To cap it all, the story goes that John’s attendants deserted him at the last and servants looted his room. Yet, he was granted enough respect for his body to be taken to Worcester Cathedral and given a decent burial.
The commanding and austere gatehouse at Newark was part of the stone castle that developed from a timber Episcopal fortress. This was established less than a century before John’s demise, by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, the man who completed the construction of Lincoln’s Norman cathedral and was nicknamed ‘the Magnificent’ for his opulence. The royal charter which gave Newark its bishop’s castle was probably granted in 1135, the last year of the reign of Henry I, fourth son of William the Conqueror and the third Norman king of England:
“HENRY, King of England to all the Barons and to the Sheriffs and to his ministers and faithful men of Nottinghamshire, Greeting. Know ye, that I have granted to Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, that he may make a ditch and rampart of his fishpond of Niwerc upon the Fosseway and he may divert the Fosseway through the same town as he shall wish.”
It is interesting that the charter mentions constructing Newark Castle from the fishpond and diverting the old Roman road, the Fosse Way. This might explain why Newark Castle has such an unusual, oblong, shape. It occupies a strategic point in the English Midlands, where the Fosse Way meets the Great North Road at the River Trent. Henry also gave Alexander permission to build a bridge there.
King John had entrusted Newark Castle to one of his mercenaries, Robert de Gaughy. Following John’s death, the new king, Henry III (John’s nine-year old son) ordered de Gaughy to give up the castle to the Bishop of Lincoln. De Gaughy ignored this instruction, as well as several no-nonsense royal reminders, and in 1218 a strong force was despatched to take the fortress by force. After a week’s siege, de Gaughy was persuaded to leave in return for £100 of silver.
Sometime after the siege, probably around the end of the 13th century, Newark Castle’s river curtain wall was rebuilt and several other improvements made. For a while in the 14th century, the castle was in the hands of Donald, Earl of Marr, who was a nephew of Robert the Bruce, and he carried out further improvements before the castle was handed back to the Bishop of Lincoln. Considerable alterations took place again in the late 15thcentury under Bishop Thomas Rotherham, before the castle reverted to the Crown at the Reformation, in 1547. Following a period of neglect, much-needed repairs were made by Sir William Cecil (of Burghley House fame), including the insertion of rather splendid windows on the river curtain wall. By this time, Newark Castle had been transformed from an Episcopal Castle to a rather nice fortified Tudor residence, suitable for both James I(VI of Scotland) and his son, Charles I, to stay in; which they did.
The second big event in the story of Newark Castle was the English Civil War, which broke out on 22nd August 1642 when King Charles I raised the Royal Standard at nearby Nottingham. Given its strategic position, Newark-on-Trent has often been called ‘the key to the North’ and held out for the Royalist cause. The town was besieged three times – in February 1643, February 1644 and, in the wake of the decisive Parliamentary victory at Naseby on 14th June, for a third time from the end of November 1644 when it was surrounded by two armies, one Scots, one English. It eventually surrendered only on the direct instruction of Charles I who, seeking to drive a wedge between rival factions in the two armies that faced him, surrendered to the Scots’ commander, Lord Leven, at Southwell. One of the demands of Charles’ captors was the immediate capitulation of Newark, which happened on 8th May 1646. The role of Newark during this bitter war is another story – there is an excellent Civil War Museum in town, the National Civil War Centre.
The castle was ‘slighted’ – dismantled sufficiently to prevent it being used again – by Parliamentary forces following the surrender. Allegedly, the blackening of the stonework around the gatehouse was caused by the gunpowder the troops used. The walls of the castle still bear the marks from Parliamentary cannon fire, too.
Thereafter, Newark Castle became derelict, many of its stones re-used elsewhere by the town’s residents. It was occupied by squatters, had cottages built in its courtyard and eventually became the site of a cattle market. However, it was restored again between 1845 and 1848 by architect Anthony Salvin. In 1889 the Corporation of Newark opened a landscaped public garden on the site of the castle’s former courtyard, in honour of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee of 1887.
And there is the Castle of Newark-on-Trent today. Half a castle, really, though you can get some sense of the former splendour of the great hall and apartments that once graced the river curtain wall, and the power of the mighty gatehouse – the best Norman gatehouse in the land, apparently. It’s a place for wheeling prams and, on a good day, having an ice-cream; hard to picture the scene when John arrived here, drained and dying, eight centuries ago; or the fear and determination of the defenders facing their own countrymen less than four centuries ago. Yet, in the historic shadows behind the trim garden, bandstand and neatly repaired stonework, these things happened.
There’s actually more to Newark Castle, behind closed doors, than meets the eye. This includes a fairly limited exhibition on King John and, so it is rumoured, a tour of the dungeons and another of the towers. Alas, no plan survives contact with the enemy and it appears the tours need to beBOOKED ONLINE
/had finished/were not available the day A Bit About Britain decided to visit. Further, on checking after the event, the tours seem relatively expensive. None of this detracted from a perfectly pleasant hour or so wandering round the walls, but if Newark and Sherwood District Council, who are responsible for this major asset in their town, have a cunning plan for developing it (and I hope they do), this should include a small but vital section dedicated to visitor engagement and improving the website.
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