cultură şi spiritualitate
Exploring castles in the medieval cities of Tallinn and Turku
The vast dimensions of European culture cannot be captured with a quick glance. Since 1985, the European Union has dedicated a calendar year to a European city or cities to promote Europe’s immense cultural assets.
Previous European Capitals of Culture include Athens (1985), Lisbon (1994), Graz (2003), Sibiu (2007) and Istanbul (2010.)
EXPLORE MORE: Read about the European Capital of Culture initiative
In 2011, the European Capitals of Culture are Turku and Tallinn, two important medieval trade ports.
Important trade cities always attracted all sorts of 'entrepreneurship' making defensive structures necessary. Tallinn and Turku were no exception: Turku castle and Toompea castle in Tallinn were built to withstand possible outside (and inside) aggressions.
The first bricks of the Turku castle were laid in late 13th century, when Finland was part of Sweden. It was built primarily as the main defensive structure of the city to secure naval traffic from present-day Sweden (especially Stockholm) and to oversee the Aura river. Its importance as a defence of the city was luckily only tested once - in 1318, Russians from Novgorod destroyed Turku.
The castle saw many uses: from being a stronghold for the rivals of the king of Sweden to acting as an administrative centre for western Finland. In 1987, renovations of the castle were completed and it now serves as the Turku provincial museum.
Toompea castle was built slightly earlier than Turku castle. Estimates vary from the 10th to the 11th century. It started out as a wooden fortress but was gradually built in a more solid way. The majority of the present-day castle was erected in late 11th and 12th centuries.
The castle consists of three parts, built on the hill of Toompea (from the German 'Domberg', literally meaning 'dome hill') in the centre of Tallinn . The hill takes its name from the Dome Church that also resides on the hill.
During its colourful history, the castle has been occupied not only by Estonians (or the people of the ancient North-Estonian county Revala) but also by Danes, Swedes and Russians. Today, Toompea Castle serves as the home of the Riigikogu, the Estonian parliament.
EXPLORE MORE: Discover more castles and palaces in this gallery
By Lauri Poutanen, intern at Europeana Foundation
Numar de steaguri: 273
Record vizitatori: 8,782 (3.04.2011)
16,676 (3.04.2011)
Steaguri lipsa: 33
1 stat are peste 700,000 clickuri (Romania)
1 stat are peste 100.000 clickuri (USA)
1 stat are peste 50,000 clickuri (Moldova)
2 state au peste 20,000 clickuri (Italia, Germania)
4 state are peste 10.000 clickuri (Franta, Ungaria, Spania,, Marea Britanie,)
6 state au peste 5.000 clickuri (Olanda, Belgia, Canada, )
10 state au peste 1,000 clickuri (Polonia, Rusia, Australia, Irlanda, Israel, Grecia, Elvetia , Brazilia, Suedia, Austria)
50 state au peste 100 clickuri
20 state au un click
1.EDITURA HOFFMAN
https://www.editurahoffman.ro/
2. EDITURA ISTROS
https://www.muzeulbrailei.ro/editura-istros/
3.EDITURA UNIVERSITATII CUZA - IASI
https://www.editura.uaic.ro/produse/editura/ultimele-aparitii/1
4.ANTICARIAT UNU
https://www.anticariat-unu.ro/wishlist
5. PRINTRE CARTI
6. ANTICARIAT ALBERT
7. ANTICARIAT ODIN
8. TARGUL CARTII
9. ANTICARIAT PLUS
10. LIBRĂRIILE:NET
https://www.librariileonline.ro/carti/literatura--i1678?filtru=2-452
https://www.librarie.net/cautare-rezultate.php?&page=2&t=opere+fundamentale&sort=top
14. ANTICARIAT NOU
https://anticariatnou.wordpress.com/
15.OKAZII
https://www.okazii.ro/cart?step=0&tr_buyerid=6092150
16. ANTIKVARIUM.RO
17.ANTIKVARIUS.RO
18. ANTICARIAT URSU
https://anticariat-ursu.ro/index.php?route=common/home
19.EDITURA TEORA - UNIVERSITAS
20. EDITURA SPANDUGINO
21. FILATELIE
22 MAX
http://romanianstampnews.blogspot.com
23.LIBREX
https://www.librex.ro/search/editura+polirom/?q=editura+polirom
24. LIBMAG
https://www.libmag.ro/carti-la-preturi-sub-10-lei/filtre/edituri/polirom/
https://www.libris.ro/account/myWishlist
http://magiamuntelui.blogspot.com
27. RAZVAN CODRESCU
http://razvan-codrescu.blogspot.ro/
28.RADIO ARHIVE
https://www.facebook.com/RadioArhive/
29.IDEEA EUROPEANĂ
https://www.ideeaeuropeana.ro/colectie/opere-fundamentale/
30. SA NU UITAM
31. CERTITUDINEA
32. F.N.S.A
https://www.fnsa.ro/products/4546-dimitrie_cantemir_despre_numele_moldaviei.html
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Creat de altmariusclassic Dec 23, 2020 at 11:45am. Actualizat ultima dată de altmariusclassic Ian 24, 2021.
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