Biography of the Day: Jacques-Louis David

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David, Jacques-Louis (1748-1825). French painter, one of the central figures of Neoclassicism.

Photographs by Mark Harden and Carol Gerten-Jackson.

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He had his first training with Boucher, a distant relative, but Boucher realized that their temperaments were opposed and sent David to Vien. David went to Italy with the latter in 1776, Vien having been appointed director of the French Academy at Rome, David having won the Prix de Rome.

In Italy, David was able to indulge his bent for the antique and came into contact with the initiators of the new Classical revival, including Gavin Hamilton. In 1780 he returned to Paris, and in the 1780s his position was firmly established as the embodiment of the social and moral reaction from the frivolity of the Rococo.

• The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons
  Paris 1789 (150 Kb); Oil on canvas, 323 x 422 cm (127 1/4 x 166 1/4 in); Musee du Louvre, Paris
  

His uncompromising subordination of color to drawing and his economy of statement were in keeping with the new severity of taste. His themes gave expression to the new cult of the civic virtues of stoical self-sacrifice, devotion to duty, honesty, and austerity. Seldom have paintings so completely typified the sentiment of an age as David's The Oath of the Horatii (Louvre, Paris, 1784), Brutus and his Dead Sons (Louvre, 1789), and The Death of Socrates (Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1787). They were received with acclamation by critics and public alike. Reynolds compared the Socrates with Michelangelo's Sistine Ceiling and Raphael's Stanze, and after ten visits to the Salon described it as `in every sense perfect'.

• The Death of Socrates
  1787 (100 Kb); Oil on canvas, 129.5 x 196.2 cm (51 x 77 1/4 in); The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
  
• Marat Assassinated
  1793 (120 Kb); Oil on canvas, 165 x 128.3 cm (65 x 50 1/2 in); Musees Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
  

David was in active sympathy with the Revolution, becoming a Deputy and voting for the execution of Louis XVI. His position was unchallenged as the painter of the Revolution. His three paintings of `martyrs of the Revolution', though conceived as portraits, raised portraiture into the domain of universal tragedy. They were: The Death of Lepeletier (now known only from an engraving), The Death of Marat (Musées Royaux, Brussels, 1793), and The Death of Bara (Musée Calvet, Avignon, unfinished). After the fall of Robespierre (1794), however, he was imprisoned, but was released on the plea of his wife, who had previously divorced him because of his Revolutionary sympathies (she was a royalist). They were remarried in 1796, and David's Intervention of the Sabine Women (Louvre, 1794-99), begun while he was in prison, is said to have been painted to honor her, its theme being one of love prevailing over conflict. It was also interpreted at the time, however, as a plea for conciliation in the civil strife that France suffered after the Revolution and it was the work that re-established David's fortunes and brought him to the attention of Napoleon, who appointed him his official painter.

• The Sabine Women Enforcing Peace by Running Between the Combatants
  detail, 1794-99 (70 Kb); Louvre
  

David became an ardent supporter of Napoleon and retained under him the dominant social and artistic position which he had previously held. Between 1802 and 1807 he painted a series of pictures glorifying the exploits of the Emperor, among them the enormous Coronation of Napoleon (Louvre, 1805-07). These works show a change both in technique and in feeling from the earlier Republican works. The cold colors and severe compositions of the heroic paintings gave place to a new feeling for pageantry which had something in common with Romantic painting, although he always remained opposed to the Romantic school.

• Napoleon in His Study
  1812 (130 Kb); Oil on canvas, 203.9 x 125.1 cm (80 1/4 x 49 1/4 in); The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
  
• Napoleon at St. Bernard
  1800 (30 Kb)
  

With the fall of Napoleon, David went into exile in Brussels, and his work weakened as the possibility of exerting a moral and social influence receded. (Until recently his late history paintings were generally scorned by critics, but their sensuous qualities are now winning them a more appreciative audience.) He continued to be an outstanding portraitist, but he never surpassed such earlier achievements as the great Napoleon Crossing the Alps (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, 1800, one of four versions) or the cooly erotic Madame Récamier (Louvre, 1800).

His work had a resounding influence on the development of French -- and indeed European -- painting, and his many pupils included Gérard, Gros, and Ingres.

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